Acting Indirectly

I was recently updating a list of review questions for a course on larceny offenses when I came across a version of this scenario: a woman tells her friend that she left one of her items behind in the store and asks the friend to go retrieve it for her, but in fact the woman never purchased it. If the friend goes back and gets it, what's the crime and who gets charged? The question usually prompts a good discussion about conventional charging options like conspiracy, acting in concert, aiding and abetting, or being an accessory. Phil Dixon wrote this helpful post summarizing the most common theories of principal liability and their pleading requirements, but none of those are a perfect fit for these facts. The woman wasn't present at the scene and didn’t personally take the item, and the friend was unaware of what was happening so there was no common purpose or criminal intent on her part. I think the best answer is the rarely mentioned "other" theory of principal liability we have in North Carolina: Acting Indirectly, also known as the Innocent Agent doctrine. Elements and Authority? You won't find this doctrine covered in the 202 series of Criminal Pattern Jury Instructions on principals and accessories, nor is it included among the sample charges in Arrest Warrant and Indictment Forms, but it is briefly discussed in NC Crimes. As explained in that entry, a person is guilty as a principal in the crime if: (1) with the required [...]