What May an Officer Do When a Suspect Runs Onto the Scene of a Search?

When law enforcement officers execute a search warrant authorizing the search of a private residence, they may detain, while the search is carried out, any occupant they discover on the premises. Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692 (1981). Officers do not need individualized suspicion that such a person is engaged in criminal activity justify his or her detention. The person’s mere presence on the premises subject to the search is sufficient to justify the seizure under this categorical rule. Muehler v. Mena, 544 U.S. 93 (2005). If a person leaves the immediate vicinity of the premises just before officers execute the warrant, the person may not be detained based on the search warrant alone. Instead, any such detention must be supported by reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. Bailey v. United States, 568 U.S. 186 (2013). But what about a person who approaches a house while a warrant is being executed? Is that person an occupant who may be detained without particularized suspicion? The North Carolina Supreme Court recently considered that question in State v. Wilson, ___ N.C. ___, 821 S.E.2d 811 (2018). Facts. Law enforcement officers were securing a house in Winston-Salem in order to execute a search warrant when Terry Wilson walked onto the property saying that he was there to retrieve his moped. Uniformed officers clad in Kevlar vests and ballistic helmets were stationed at the end of the driveway and other places at the property’s perimeter to keep others from entering the area while the search [...]